Hawaii Maintains Unique Five-County System Rooted in Royal History and Territorial Formation
Hawaii operates with only five counties: Hawaii, Maui, Kauai, Oahu, and Kalawao, a structure established in 1905, decades before its statehood in 1959. This limited number of counties is a direct result of Hawaii's unique historical development, which includes its past as an independent kingdom and its territorial period under the United States. Unlike most U.S. states, Hawaii does not have separate incorporated towns or cities; instead, county governments handle most municipal services. For example, the City and County of Honolulu consolidates city and county functions for Oahu. The county boundaries largely align with the major islands or groups of islands, a practical approach given the archipelago's geography. Kalawao County, located on the Kalaupapa Peninsula of Molokai, is particularly unique, having been established as a settlement for individuals with Hansen's disease and remaining under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Department of Health rather than having an elected government.