Esker Kettle Lakes Face Conservation Challenges Amid Human Pressures
Esker kettle lakes, known for their unique biodiversity and ecosystem services, are under increasing pressure from human activities. These lakes, formed by glacial retreat, are typically isolated and have high dissolved oxygen levels, making them ideal habitats for species with high oxygen requirements. However, the introduction of fish, both legally and illegally, is altering these ecosystems. Fish introductions can disrupt aquatic food webs, affecting waterbird and macroinvertebrate communities. Additionally, rising demands for forest products and mineral extraction are impacting the surrounding esker forests, further threatening lake biodiversity. Clearcutting and other forest disturbances increase nutrient inputs into the lakes, leading to potential declines in water quality. The study highlights the need for conservation strategies to manage these pressures and protect the unique ecosystems of esker kettle lakes.