Early detection is one of the most effective ways to improve cancer outcomes. While no single test can screen for all cancers, several routine, risk-based tests can help identify specific cancers at an early
and more treatable stage. Screening recommendations vary based on age, gender, family history, and individual risk factors.
Dr Mandeep Singh Malhotra, Director, Surgical Oncology, CK Birla Hospital, Delhi shares all you need to know:
1. Mammogram for breast cancer
Mammography is one of the most effective methods for screening breast cancer at an early stage. In India, annual screening mammography is generally recommended after the age of 45. A mammogram can identify changes in the breast even before a lump becomes palpable. Women are also advised to perform monthly breast self-examinations and undergo clinical breast examinations every 6 to 12 months. However, women with a strong family history or genetic predisposition may require earlier screening using ultrasound or MRI, as advised by their doctor.
2. Pap smear and HPV test for cervical cancer
Pap smear screening is recommended to begin at the age of 25, with a gap of three to five years between screenings. It is an effective method to identify early cervical changes before cancer develops. HPV testing is also recommended, as HPV infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Along with screening, the HPV vaccine remains one of the most effective preventive strategies.
3. Ultrasound and CA-125 for ovarian cancer in high-risk women
Ovarian cancer can be difficult to detect because it often presents with non-specific symptoms. Routine screening is not recommended for all women but may be helpful for those with a family history or genetic predisposition, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Screening in such cases may involve a pelvic ultrasound and a CA-125 blood test.
4. Colonoscopy and stool tests for colorectal cancer
Individuals with a family history, genetic predisposition, or high-risk dietary habits may benefit from screening through colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or stool-based tests. Detecting and removing precancerous polyps can prevent colorectal cancer from developing.
5. Low-dose CT scan for lung cancer
Certain long-term smokers may benefit from low-dose CT scans, which can help detect lung cancer before symptoms appear.
Some promising technologies for the future include liquid biopsies. Until such methods become widely available, regular follow-ups, awareness of personal risk factors, and timely screening remain key to early cancer detection.
