Fatty liver disease is no longer just an adult problem; it is increasingly being seen in children. Known as pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or Metabolically Associated Steatosis Liver
Disease (MASLD), it happens when fat builds up in the liver without alcohol consumption. If untreated, it can cause liver inflammation, damage and long-term health problems. Early detection and lifestyle changes can prevent complications and even reverse the condition. Unlike adults, children may not show obvious signs initially, making regular check-ups is important. Fatty liver in children is closely linked to lifestyle factors, but genetics and certain medical conditions can also play a role.
Can Develop in Different Stages
Fatty liver progresses in stages, starting with fat accumulation in the liver (simple steatosis). Over time, it may cause liver inflammation (steatohepatitis) or hardening of the liver (cirrhosis) if not addressed.
Obesity and Poor Lifestyle
Excess weight is the biggest risk factor. Fat does not only show up in visible areas but also in internal organs like the liver. Diets high in sugary drinks, fast foods, fried items and refined carbs increase fat buildup.
A sedentary lifestyle further contributes, as less physical activity reduces calorie burn. Insulin resistance in overweight children makes the liver store more fat. Genetic factors and conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, or certain medications can also increase the risk.
Watch for Subtle Signs
Fatty liver often shows few symptoms early on, but warning signs may include persistent fatigue, stomach discomfort, sudden weight gain, dark velvety patches of skin (acanthosis nigricans), occasional nausea, or an enlarged liver detected during routine check-ups. As liver tenderness usually appears only when the organ is significantly enlarged, diagnosis often depends on lab tests or imaging.
Diagnosis Involves Simple Tests
A doctor may start with a physical exam and medical history. Blood tests measure liver enzymes (ALT, AST), while an ultrasound or MRI can reveal fat accumulation. Fibro scan (elastography) may be used to detect liver stiffness or early scarring.
Can Be Prevented and Reversed with Lifestyle Changes
A balanced diet is key, including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and healthy fats while avoiding sweetened drinks, processed foods and fast food. Daily physical activity for at least 60 minutes, such as running, swimming, cycling, or sports, helps burn fat and improve insulin response. Maintaining a healthy weight gradually, instead of relying on crash diets, is also crucial.
Regular Monitoring
Routine check-ups with a paediatrician allow monitoring of weight, liver health and enzyme levels. Children with obesity or type 2 diabetes should have their liver function checked regularly.
Fatty liver in children is largely preventable and treatable if addressed early. With a balanced diet, daily exercise and regular medical monitoring, parents can protect their child’s liver health and reduce the risk of long-term complications. Early intervention makes it easier to manage the condition before it becomes serious.
