What is the story about?
During two hours of oral arguments Wednesday, a majority of the nine justices on the top court -- both conservatives and liberals -- expressed doubts that the president had shown sufficient cause to remove Cook or had provided her with appropriate due process.
Justice Brett Kavanaugh, a Trump appointee, said setting a "very low bar for cause" could allow presidents to dismiss Fed governors at will and "weaken, if not shatter, the independence of the Federal Reserve."
"All of the current president's appointees would likely be removed for cause on January 20, 2029 if there's a Democratic president," Kavanaugh said, referring to the next inauguration day.
Justice Samuel Alito, another conservative, took issue with the "hurried manner" in which the court was being asked to decide the case while the facts remain in dispute.
Solicitor General John Sauer, representing the Trump administration, pushed back, saying the allegations against Cook merited her dismissal.
"Deceit or gross negligence by a financial regulator in financial transactions is cause for removal," Sauer said.
"The American people should not have their interest rates determined by someone who was, at best, grossly negligent in obtaining favorable interest rates for herself."
Trump has accused Cook, the first Black woman to serve on the central bank's board of governors, of making false statements on one or more mortgage agreements, allegedly claiming two primary residences, one in Michigan and another in Georgia.
Paul Clement, Cook's lawyer, said she had "at most" made an "inadvertent mistake" on her loan documents and noted that no previous US president has ever tried to remove a Fed governor.
"It's less important that the president have full faith in every single governor, and it's more important that the markets and the public have faith in the independence of the Fed from the president and from Congress," Clement said.
- 'Political pressure' -
In a sign of public support for Cook, Fed Chair Jerome Powell personally attended the hearing, which comes as the Trump administration intensifies its pressure on the central bank.
Powell revealed this month that prosecutors had launched a criminal inquiry into him over an ongoing renovation of the Fed's headquarters.
Powell has dismissed the investigation as a politically motivated attempt to influence the central bank's interest rate setting.
Trump's bid to fire Cook and the Powell probe are a dramatic escalation of his efforts to control the Fed, which he has repeatedly criticized for spurning his demands to slash interest rates more aggressively.
By ousting Cook, the president could potentially add another voice to the Fed's board to try and shift interest rates in his favored direction.
The Supreme Court has overwhelmingly sided with Trump since he returned to office and it recently allowed him to fire members of other independent government agencies.
But it created a carve-out for the "quasi-private" Fed in its ruling.
Cook became a Fed governor in 2022 and was reappointed to the board in 2023.
In a statement released after the hearing, she said the case "is about whether the Federal Reserve will set key interest rates guided by evidence and independent judgment or will succumb to political pressure."
"For as long as I serve at the Federal Reserve, I will uphold the principle of political independence in service to the American people," Cook said.
