Bruxism is a common oral parafunctional activity characterized by excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching. Unlike normal functions such as eating or talking, bruxism is an involuntary action that can occur both during sleep and while awake. This condition affects a significant portion of the global population, with an approximate prevalence of 22%. While many individuals may experience minimal symptoms or even be unaware they have the condition,
bruxism can lead to a range of uncomfortable and potentially damaging effects on oral health and overall well-being.
Types and Manifestations of Bruxism
Bruxism is broadly categorized into two main types: sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). Sleep bruxism, also known as nocturnal bruxism or sleep-related bruxism, occurs during sleep and is classified as a stereotyped movement disorder. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-R) defines it as grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep. Awake bruxism, sometimes called diurnal bruxism or daytime bruxing, happens when a person is conscious. While both types can cause similar dental damage, their symptomatic patterns often differ. Symptoms of sleep bruxism tend to be most severe upon waking and gradually improve throughout the day, whereas awake bruxism symptoms may not be present in the morning but worsen as the day progresses.
The causes of bruxism are not fully understood, but it is believed that multiple factors contribute to its development. Psychosocial factors are thought to play a role in awake bruxism, while central nervous system mechanisms and dopaminergic dysfunction may be involved in sleep bruxism. Interestingly, awake bruxism is more frequently observed in women, but sleep bruxism affects men and women in equal proportions.
Common Symptoms and Potential Consequences
Several symptoms are commonly associated with bruxism, indicating its impact on the oral cavity and surrounding structures. These include aching jaw muscles, headaches, and hypersensitive teeth. The mechanical forces involved in grinding and clenching can also lead to significant tooth wear, where the enamel and dentin are gradually eroded. Furthermore, dental restorations such as crowns and fillings can be damaged or dislodged due to the excessive forces. In severe cases, if left untreated, teeth can wear down significantly, potentially leading to the loss of entire tooth structure.
Despite its prevalence, many individuals with bruxism are unaware of their habit, especially those with sleep bruxism. This lack of awareness can delay diagnosis and intervention, allowing the condition to progress and cause more extensive damage. The global prevalence of sleep bruxism is estimated at 21%, while awake bruxism is around 23%. Overall, bruxism affects males and females equally, though it tends to be less common in elderly individuals, with prevalence dropping to about 3% in those over 60. Children are also affected, with a prevalence of about 14–20%, and sleep bruxism can even occur in infants after their first teeth erupt.
