In psychology, avoidance coping is recognized as a specific form of experiential avoidance. This coping mechanism is characterized by a person's conscious or unconscious efforts to steer clear of a stressor, primarily to shield themselves from the difficulties that stressor presents. While it might seem like a temporary solution, avoidance coping can manifest in various ways, including substance abuse, social withdrawal, and other forms of escapism.
It's a strategy where individuals distance themselves from problems rather than confronting them directly.
High levels of avoidance behaviors can sometimes lead to a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder. However, it's crucial to understand that not everyone who exhibits such behaviors meets the criteria for this specific disorder. Avoidance coping is also identified as a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and is closely linked to symptoms commonly seen in depression and anxiety. Its theoretical roots can be traced back to the approach-avoidance conflict theory, a concept introduced by psychologist Kurt Lewin.
Distinguishing Approach from Avoidance Coping
Literature on coping strategies often categorizes them into two main types: approach, or active coping, and avoidance, or passive coping. Approach coping involves behaviors aimed at reducing stress by directly addressing and alleviating the problem. This might include problem-solving, seeking support, or taking direct action to change the stressful situation. In contrast, avoidance coping focuses on reducing stress by creating distance from the problem, rather than engaging with it.
Traditionally, approach coping has been viewed as the healthier and more beneficial method for managing stress. It's often associated with better outcomes and a more adaptive response to life's challenges. Avoidance coping, on the other hand, has historically been linked to negative personality traits, potentially harmful activities, and generally poorer long-term outcomes. This distinction highlights the perceived effectiveness and consequences of each strategy in psychological discourse.
Measuring Avoidance Behaviors
The assessment of avoidance coping primarily relies on self-reported questionnaires. Initially, the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ) was a key tool in this area. This comprehensive questionnaire, consisting of 62 items, evaluates experiential avoidance and, by extension, avoidance coping. It measures the number of avoidant behaviors a person exhibits and the strength of their agreement with each statement, using a scale from 1 to 6.
Over time, a more streamlined instrument, the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ), has become more commonly used. The BEAQ contains 15 items, which are a selection from the original 62 items of the MEAQ. Beyond self-reporting, research has also explored objective quantification methods for avoidance coping. One such advanced technique involves the use of immersive virtual reality, offering a different avenue for understanding and measuring these complex behaviors in a controlled environment.
