Beyond a Job: What is ‘Decent Work’?
The term ‘decent work’ is more than just a buzzword; it’s a concept defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) that sums up the aspirations people have for their working lives. It isn't just about having employment. It refers to productive
work that delivers a fair income, security in the workplace, and social protection for families. It also means having prospects for personal development, the freedom to voice concerns, and equality of opportunity. In simple terms, it is the difference between a precarious gig with no benefits and a stable job with a written contract, paid leave, and a path for growth. For many young Indians, this difference is becoming the defining struggle of their early careers.
The Scale of India's Youth Employment Challenge
India has the world’s largest youth population, often hailed as its 'demographic dividend'. With over 65% of its population under 35, this should be a massive economic advantage. However, recent data paints a concerning picture. While overall unemployment figures may seem stable, youth unemployment remains stubbornly high. According to recent reports, the unemployment rate among young graduates is particularly alarming, spiking to nearly 40% for those under 25. This suggests that while India has succeeded in expanding access to higher education, it has not created enough quality jobs for this new generation of graduates. The result is a paradox where two out of every three unemployed young Indians now hold a degree, a stark reversal from previous decades.
The Informal Trap
For many young people who can't find formal employment, the informal economy becomes the only option. Roughly 80% of India’s workforce is employed in the informal sector, which includes everything from street vending to casual labour and small family businesses. While this sector provides a crucial safety net, the jobs are often characterised by low pay, poor working conditions, and a complete lack of social security or benefits. Young people are disproportionately represented in these precarious jobs. Data shows that even among workers with regular salaried jobs, a high percentage lack a written contract or eligibility for social security, blurring the lines between formal and informal work and leaving millions vulnerable.
A Dividend at Risk
Failing to provide decent work for millions of educated and ambitious young people puts India's demographic dividend at serious risk. This is not just an economic issue; it has profound social consequences. The gap between aspiration and reality creates widespread frustration and uncertainty, impacting mental well-being and social stability. This year's International Youth Day theme, "Different Contexts, Common Aspirations," highlights that young people everywhere, regardless of their circumstances, seek dignity, opportunity, and a sustainable future—core tenets of the decent work agenda. For India to truly capitalize on its youth population, it must shift focus from merely creating jobs to creating quality jobs.
