Defining a Green Cracker
First, it is important to understand what a green cracker is. These are not simply 'less polluting' fireworks by some vague measure. They are specific formulations developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI). The primary goal is to create fireworks that reduce particulate matter emissions by at least 30 percent compared to their conventional counterparts. They also aim to significantly cut down on sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. This is achieved through clever chemical engineering, such as using additives that act as dust suppressants and release water vapour.
Strict Chemical Prohibitions
The most significant limit placed on manufacturers is the complete ban on certain toxic chemicals. Following directives from the Supreme Court of India, manufacturers are forbidden from using arsenic, lithium, mercury, and lead in any firecracker. The court has also repeatedly banned the use of barium salts, particularly barium nitrate, which is a common and cheap oxidiser in traditional fireworks that produces the brilliant green flame but also contributes heavily to air pollution. This ban applies nationwide, not just in the Delhi-NCR region. Any firecracker, regardless of whether it is labelled 'green', is illegal if it contains these prohibited substances. These rules are in place because the chemicals are linked to severe health risks, from respiratory diseases to skin and eye damage.
The Role of PESO Certification
A manufacturer cannot simply decide to produce green crackers. Every formulation must be tested and approved. This is where the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) plays a crucial role. PESO is the primary regulatory body responsible for ensuring safety in the explosives and fireworks industry. Manufacturers must obtain a license from PESO to produce and sell any type of firecracker. For green crackers, PESO verifies that the products conform to the formulations and specifications approved by CSIR-NEERI. This involves rigorous testing to ensure the crackers meet the prescribed emission and noise level standards. Without a valid PESO license, it is illegal to manufacture or sell fireworks in India.
Mandatory Labelling and QR Codes
To help consumers identify genuine green crackers and to hold manufacturers accountable, a specific labelling system is mandated. Every box of legal green crackers must display a unique QR code. When scanned, this code should provide details confirming that the product is registered with CSIR-NEERI and licensed by PESO. This system is designed to combat the widespread issue of conventional, polluting firecrackers being mislabeled and sold as 'green'. The Supreme Court has emphasized that it is the responsibility of law enforcement to check for these markers and ensure that counterfeit products are kept off the market.
Noise and Size Regulations
The limits are not just about what is inside the cracker, but also about the noise it makes and its physical form. Green crackers must adhere to strict noise limits set by law. Furthermore, for certain types like 'ladi' or joined crackers, which were previously banned, new regulations govern their design. For instance, next-generation green ladis are designed to have fewer crackers burst per second compared to the traditional versions, reducing the intensity of both noise and smoke in a short period. These regulations are part of a balancing act by the courts and government, aiming to allow for celebration while mitigating the most harmful effects on public health and the environment.
