What Exactly Are 'Green Crackers'?
Green crackers are not entirely pollution-free, but they are designed to be less harmful than conventional fireworks. Developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), they aim
to reduce particulate matter emissions by at least 30-35%. These crackers are made without certain banned chemicals like arsenic, mercury, and, most notably, barium nitrate, which is common in traditional crackers. Instead, some formulations release water vapour, which helps suppress dust. They are categorised into types like SWAS (Safe Water Releaser), STAR (Safe Thermite Cracker), and SAFAL (Safe Minimal Aluminium), each with specific properties to lower emissions and noise.
How to Identify Genuine Green Crackers
To ensure you are buying authentic products, look for two key identifiers on the packaging. First is the distinct CSIR-NEERI green logo. Second, and more importantly, is a scannable QR code. When you scan this code with your phone, it should lead to a page verifying the product's details and its licensed manufacturer. If a QR code is missing, doesn't work, or leads to an unrelated page, it's a major red flag. Always buy from licensed sellers and be wary of loose crackers or unbranded boxes, as these are likely illegal and conventional fireworks being passed off as green alternatives.
The Rules for Buying and Using Them
The Supreme Court has consistently favoured a balanced approach, ruling out both a complete ban and unrestricted use. Generally, only licensed traders are permitted to sell certified green crackers. For citizens, the primary rule involves timing. The court has repeatedly mandated a specific window for bursting crackers on Diwali night, typically from 8 PM to 10 PM. Local authorities may issue their own specific guidelines, but this two-hour window is the national baseline. Additionally, series crackers or 'laris' are often banned due to the concentrated noise and pollution they create. It's crucial to follow these rules, as they are legally enforceable.
Why These Regulations Exist
The push for green crackers is a direct response to the severe air quality crises that have plagued Indian cities post-Diwali for years. On the morning after the festival, levels of harmful PM2.5 particles have historically skyrocketed, blanketing cities in toxic smog and pushing air quality indices into the 'Hazardous' category. This spike in pollution has documented public health consequences, aggravating respiratory conditions like asthma and posing risks to children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing heart and lung diseases. The regulations are an attempt to balance the cultural tradition of celebrating with fireworks against the fundamental right to breathe clean air.
Penalties for Violating the Rules
The rules are not mere suggestions; they carry legal weight. The manufacture, storage, or sale of illegal, non-green firecrackers is punishable under Section 9B of the Explosives Act, 1884, which can lead to fines up to ₹5,000 and imprisonment for up to three years. For individuals caught bursting crackers outside the designated time window or using banned types, police can press charges under Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for disobeying a public order. While penalties can vary by state, enforcement has become stricter, with police deploying special teams to monitor violations during the festive season.
