New Delhi: Diabetes affects much more than blood sugar levels. Over time, consistently high blood glucose can affect blood vessels, nerves and several
organs, including the eyes. What makes diabetes-related eye problems particularly concerning is that significant damage can develop before a person notices any vision change. Someone may be able to read, work and carry out everyday activities normally while changes are already occurring inside the eye. Regular eye examinations are therefore an important part of diabetes care, even when vision appears normal. One of the major eye complications associated with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy.
The condition affects the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. High blood sugar can weaken and damage the tiny blood vessels supplying the retina. In the early stages, these changes may not cause noticeable symptoms. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, damaged blood vessels may leak fluid or blood into the retina. In more advanced stages, abnormal blood vessels can grow and create further complications. If the condition is not identified and managed appropriately, it can lead to serious and sometimes permanent vision loss.
Diabetes can also increase the risk of diabetic macular oedema. The macula is the central part of the retina responsible for the sharp vision needed for reading, recognising faces and performing detailed tasks. Fluid accumulation in this area can affect central vision. People with diabetes can also have an increased risk of developing cataracts and glaucoma. This means that eye care for someone with diabetes is not limited to checking for diabetic retinopathy. A comprehensive examination can help identify several conditions that may affect vision.
Good blood sugar control is an important part of protecting the eyes. Managing blood pressure and cholesterol, following prescribed medication and maintaining regular medical follow-ups can also reduce the risk of complications. Lifestyle habits such as eating a balanced diet, staying physically active and avoiding smoking can support overall health.
An important point is that waiting for blurred vision before visiting an eye specialist is not advisable for people with diabetes. Once noticeable vision changes occur, the disease may already have progressed. The timing of eye examinations should be discussed with the treating doctor or eye specialist because it can vary depending on the type and duration of diabetes and the individual’s eye health. Diabetes does not necessarily mean that a person will lose their vision. Early detection, appropriate treatment and good control of the condition can significantly reduce the risk of severe eye complications.
For people living with diabetes, an eye examination should be considered part of routine health care rather than something to be done only when vision becomes blurry. Protecting vision begins with detecting changes before they become difficult to manage.
(By Dr Birva Dave, Retina Surgeon, Sankara Eye Hospital, Anand)
