A Recent and Accidental Discovery
Bourbon virus is a relatively new concern for public health officials. It was first identified in 2014 after a man in Bourbon County, Kansas, became ill and ultimately died from a then-unknown sickness. This gave the virus its name. It belongs to a group
of viruses called thogotoviruses, and its discovery was the first time a virus from this group was found to cause human illness in the Western Hemisphere. Since its initial identification, a small number of cases have been confirmed across the Midwest and Southern United States, and evidence of the virus has recently been found as far northeast as Long Island, New York. Because the illness is so new and its symptoms can mimic other diseases, experts are still learning about its full impact and geographic spread.
How the Virus Is Transmitted
The primary way people get Bourbon virus is through the bite of an infected tick. Scientists believe the main culprit is the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), a common and aggressive tick found throughout the eastern, southeastern, and midwestern United States. These ticks are identifiable by the single white dot, or “lone star,” on the backs of adult females. The virus is not believed to be contagious from person to person. Instead, transmission relies on an infected tick feeding on a human. Most reported cases have involved individuals who recalled being bitten by a tick shortly before symptoms appeared. Researchers have confirmed the presence of Bourbon virus in lone star tick populations, solidifying the link between this specific tick and the disease.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms of Bourbon virus disease can appear similar to those of other common tick-borne illnesses, which can sometimes lead to a delayed or incorrect diagnosis. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), common symptoms include fever, fatigue, rash, headache, body aches, nausea, and vomiting. Less commonly, patients may also experience a decreased appetite or diarrhea. Lab tests on infected individuals have often revealed low white blood cell counts, which are crucial for fighting infection, and low platelet counts, which are necessary for blood clotting. Because these symptoms overlap with illnesses like ehrlichiosis, it's crucial for patients to inform their doctors about any recent tick exposures to aid in proper diagnosis.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Currently, there is no specific vaccine to prevent Bourbon virus, nor are there any antiviral medications approved to treat it. Because it is a virus, antibiotics are ineffective. Diagnosis can be challenging, as commercial tests are not widely available; testing is typically performed through the CDC or state health departments. For patients who are diagnosed, treatment is focused on supportive care. This can include hospitalization, intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration, and medications to manage fever and pain. Although cases are rare, the virus can be severe and has been fatal in a number of instances.
Prevention Remains the Best Defense
With no cure or vaccine available, preventing tick bites is the single most effective way to protect yourself from Bourbon virus and other tick-borne diseases. The CDC recommends several key strategies. When venturing into wooded or grassy areas, use an EPA-registered insect repellent containing DEET or another effective active ingredient. Wear light-colored clothing with long sleeves and pants, tucking your pants into your socks to create a barrier. After returning indoors, perform a thorough tick check on your body, your children, and your pets. Pay close attention to areas like the armpits, scalp, and groin. If you find a tick, remove it promptly with fine-tipped tweezers. The longer a tick is attached, the greater the risk of disease transmission.
