East Lansing (US), Nov 2 (The Conversation) Drones have become integrated into everyday life over the past decade – in sectors as diverse as entertainment, health care and construction. They have also
begun to transform the way people grow food.
In a new study published in the journal Science, we show that the use of agricultural drones has spread extremely rapidly around the world. In our research as social scientists studying agriculture and rural development, we set out to document where agricultural drones have taken off around the world, what they are doing, and why they have travelled so far so fast. We also explored what these changes mean for farmers, the environment, the public and governments.
From toys to farm tools
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Just a few years ago, agricultural drones were expensive, small and difficult to use, limiting their appeal to farmers. In contrast, today’s models can be flown immediately after purchase and carry loads weighing up to 220 pounds (100 kg) – the weight of two sacks of fertiliser.
Their prices vary from country to country due to taxes, tariffs and shipping costs. In the US, a drone owner can expect to spend USD 20,000 to USD 30,000 for the same equipment that a farmer in China could buy for less than USD 10,000.
However, most farmers hire service providers, small businesses that supply drones and pilots for a fee, making them easy and relatively affordable to use.
Agricultural drones are now akin to flying tractors – multifunctional machines that can perform numerous tasks using different hardware attachments.
Common uses for drones on farms include spraying crops, spreading fertiliser, sowing seeds, transporting produce, dispensing fish feeds, painting greenhouses, monitoring livestock locations and well-being, mapping field topography and drainage, and measuring crop health.
This versatility makes drones valuable for growing numerous crops on farms of all sizes.
Technological leapfrogging
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We estimated the number of agricultural drones operating in some of the world’s leading agricultural countries by scouring online news and trade publications in many different languages. This effort revealed where agricultural drones have already taken off around the world.
Historically, most agricultural technology – tractors, for example – has spread from high-income countries to middle- and then lower-income ones over the course of many decades.
Drones partially reversed and dramatically accelerated this pattern, diffusing first from East Asia to Southeast Asia, then to Latin America, and finally to North America and Europe.
Their use in higher-income regions is more limited, but is accelerating rapidly in the US.
China leads the world in agricultural drone manufacturing and adoption. In 2016, a Chinese company introduced the first agriculture-specific quadcopter model. There are now more than 250,000 agricultural drones reported to be in use there.
Other middle-income countries have also been enthusiastic adopters. For instance, drones were used on 30 per cent of Thailand’s farmland in 2023, up from almost none in 2019, mainly by spraying pesticides and spreading fertilisers.
In the US, the number of agricultural drones registered with the Federal Aviation Administration leapt from about 1,000 in January 2024 to around 5,500 in mid-2025. Industry reports suggest those numbers substantially underreport US drone use because some owners seek to avoid the complex registration process.
Agricultural drones in the US are used mainly for spraying crops such as corn and soy, especially in areas that are difficult to reach with tractors or crop-dusting aircraft.
Safer, but not risk-free
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In countries such as China, Thailand and Vietnam, millions of smallholder farmers have upgraded from the dangerous and tiring job of applying agrochemicals by hand with backpack sprayers to using some of the most cutting-edge technology in the world, often using the same models that are popular in the US.
Shifting from applying chemicals with backpack sprayers to drones substantially reduces the risk of direct exposure to toxins for farmers and farmworkers.
However, because drones usually spray from a height of at least 6 feet (2 meters), if used improperly, they can spread droplets containing pesticides or herbicides to neighbouring farms, waterways or bystanders. That can damage crops and endanger people and nature.
Saving labour or displacing it?
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Drones save farmers time and money. They reduce the need for smallholders – people who farm less than 5 acres (2 hectares), which account for 85 per cent of farms globally – to do dangerous and tiring manual spraying and spreading work on their own farms. They also remove the need to hire workers to do the same.
By eliminating some of the last remaining physically demanding work in farming, drones may also help make agriculture more attractive to rural youth, who are often disillusioned with the drudgery of traditional farming.
In addition, drones create new skilled employment opportunities in rural areas for pilots, many of whom are young people.
On the downside, using drones could displace workers who currently earn a living from crop spraying. For instance, according to one estimate from China, drones can cover between 10 and 25 acres (4 to 10 hectares) of farmland per hour when spraying pesticides.
That is equivalent to the effort of between 30 and 100 workers spraying manually. Governments may need to find ways to help displaced workers find new jobs.
The sky’s the limit
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Drones spray and spread fertilisers and seeds evenly and efficiently, so that less is wasted. They may also reduce damage to crops in the field and consume less energy than large farm machines such as tractors.
In combination, these factors may increase the amount of food that can be produced on each acre of land while reducing the amount of resources needed to do so. This outcome is a holy grail for agricultural scientists, who refer to it as “sustainable intensification.”
However, much of the evidence so far on yield gains from drone-assisted farming is anecdotal, or based on small studies or industry reports.
The drone revolution is reshaping farming faster than almost any technology before it. In just five years, millions of farmers around the world have embraced drones.
Early signs point to big benefits: greater efficiency, safer working conditions and improved rural livelihoods. But the full picture isn’t clear yet. (The Conversation) SKS
SKS
