The Federal Correctional Institution, Leavenworth, located in Kansas, has a rich history that dates back to the early 20th century. Originally known as the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, this
facility has undergone significant changes in its security level and structure over the years. This article explores the historical timeline of FCI Leavenworth, highlighting key developments and transformations that have shaped its current status as a medium-security federal prison.
Early Beginnings and Construction
The origins of FCI Leavenworth can be traced back to 1903 when it was established as the largest maximum-security federal prison in the United States. The construction of the facility was a monumental task, with prisoners from the nearby United States Disciplinary Barracks contributing to its building. The prison was designed following the Auburn system, which featured a large rectangular building with cell blocks focused on indoor group labor. This design was a departure from the earlier Pennsylvania plan, which emphasized isolation.
The prison's construction was part of a broader federal initiative to establish a system of federal prisons, authorized by Congress in 1895. Alongside Leavenworth, other first-generation federal prisons included facilities in Atlanta and McNeil Island. The architectural design of Leavenworth was crafted by the St. Louis firm Eames and Young, which also designed the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta.
Changes in Security and Structure
Over the years, FCI Leavenworth has seen several changes in its security classification and structure. Originally a maximum-security facility, it was downgraded to medium security in 2005. This change was part of a broader re-evaluation of the prison's mission by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Despite the downgrade, the facility retained its designation as a United States Penitentiary for historical reasons.
The prison's infrastructure has also evolved. Major renovations took place during the 1980s and 1990s, updating three of its four cellhouses. The D-Cellhouse remains the only cellblock true to its original design. In 2024, the institution was re-designated as the Federal Correctional Institution, Leavenworth, to align its name with its security level.
Notable Events and Incidents
Throughout its history, FCI Leavenworth has been the site of several notable events and incidents. In 1910, a daring escape occurred when six prisoners smashed through the prison gates with a hijacked railroad locomotive. While most were recaptured, one escapee, Frank Grigware, successfully fled to Canada and never returned to the United States.
The prison has also been the site of executions, with the first recorded execution taking place in 1930. Serial killer Carl Panzram was hanged at Leavenworth, marking the beginning of a series of executions that continued until the mid-20th century. The facility also played a role during World War II, housing Japanese American conscientious objectors who protested their wartime incarceration.
FCI Leavenworth's history is a testament to its adaptability and resilience. From its early days as a maximum-security prison to its current status as a medium-security facility, it has continually evolved to meet the changing needs of the federal prison system.
