The 1919 strike led by the Actors' Equity Association marked a significant turning point in theater labor relations in the United States. This strike, which began in July 1919, was a response to the refusal of the Producing Managers' Association (PMA) to negotiate with Equity over longstanding grievances. The strike not only highlighted the growing power of actors as a collective force but also led to important changes in the way theater labor disputes
were handled.
Origins of the Strike
The origins of the 1919 strike can be traced back to the expiration of the Equity contract agreement with the PMA. Equity sought to address grievances such as half-pay for rehearsals, additional compensation for performances beyond eight per week, and a minimum number of paid weeks per season. However, the PMA refused to negotiate, knowing that Equity lacked the strength to force them to the table.
In response, Equity affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in July 1919, strengthening its position by gaining support from other crafts within the AFL, such as stagehands and musicians. This move into trade unionism allowed Equity to initiate a limited strike, targeting specific productions and eventually leading to a broader walkout.
The Strike and Its Impact
The strike began on July 29, 1919, with Equity targeting a revival of Chu Chin Chow at the Century Theatre. Despite initial setbacks, the strike gained momentum, and by August 7, over 1,000 Equity members voted to strike, leading to the closure of twelve theaters. The strike quickly spread to other cities, including Chicago, and impacted various businesses, highlighting the widespread support for Equity's cause.
The strike's impact was significant, as it forced the PMA to reconsider its stance. Equity's ability to coordinate with other unions and gain public support demonstrated the growing power of actors as a collective force. The strike ultimately led to a new agreement between Equity and the PMA, recognizing Equity's right to conduct arbitration on behalf of its members and marking a victory for the union.
Legacy of the 1919 Strike
The 1919 strike had a lasting impact on theater labor relations, setting a precedent for future negotiations between actors and producers. The strike demonstrated the importance of collective bargaining and the power of unions in advocating for fair treatment and compensation for actors.
The strike also led to the formation of the Chorus Equity Association, further strengthening the position of actors in labor disputes. While the Actors' Fidelity League emerged as a rival to Equity during the strike, it ultimately failed to sustain its influence, highlighting the challenges faced by alternative unions.
Overall, the 1919 strike was a pivotal moment in theater labor relations, shaping the future of negotiations and labor practices in the industry. It underscored the importance of unity and collective action in achieving meaningful change for actors and other theater professionals.
