Hindu astrology, also known as Jyotisha, is a traditional system deeply rooted in the cultural and spiritual practices of Hinduism. Its development over centuries has been influenced by various factors, including interactions with other cultures and the evolution of astronomical knowledge. This article delves into the historical journey of Hindu astrology, highlighting key milestones and influences that have shaped its current form.
Early Beginnings and Vedic Roots
Hindu astrology
is one of the six auxiliary disciplines associated with the Vedas, the ancient sacred texts of Hinduism. Initially, Jyotisha was primarily concerned with timekeeping and the preparation of calendars to determine auspicious dates for Vedic rituals. The early texts, such as the Vedanga Jyotisha, focused on astronomy rather than astrology, emphasizing the movements of celestial bodies to maintain calendars and predict ritual timings.
The concept of eclipse-causing demons, such as Rahu and Svarbhanu, appears in early texts like the Atharvaveda and the Rigveda. These entities were believed to be responsible for eclipses and meteors, reflecting the early attempts to understand celestial phenomena. However, the specific term 'graha' for planets was not applied until later texts like the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
Hellenistic Influences and the Sidereal Zodiac
The introduction of Hellenistic astrology to India marked a significant turning point in the development of Hindu astrology. Scholars debate whether Indian astrology developed independently or was influenced by Greek astrology. The Yavanajataka, translated from Greek to Sanskrit in the early centuries CE, is considered the first Indian astrological treatise in Sanskrit. This text introduced the twelve zodiacal signs and the concept of the seven-day week, aligning with Greek practices.
Hindu astrology primarily uses the sidereal zodiac, which accounts for the precession of the equinoxes, unlike the tropical zodiac used in Western astrology. This system includes unique elements such as lunar mansions (Nakshatras) and the ayanamsa adjustment, which differentiates it from its Hellenistic counterpart.
Medieval Texts and Modern Practices
The classical texts of Hindu astrology, such as the Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra and the Saravali, were compiled during the early medieval period. These works laid the foundation for modern Hindu astrology, detailing various systems of interpretation and prediction. The Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, a composite work, dates back to the 7th and 8th centuries, while the Saravali was composed around 800 CE.
In contemporary Hindu culture, astrology remains a vital aspect of daily life. It influences decisions related to marriage, business, and other significant life events. Despite being considered a pseudoscience by the scientific community, astrology continues to hold cultural and religious significance in India, with some universities even offering degrees in the field.
Hindu astrology's rich history reflects a blend of indigenous practices and external influences, evolving over centuries to become an integral part of Hindu tradition and culture.
