The Cherokee Phoenix holds a significant place in history as the first newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States. Founded in 1828, it was a groundbreaking publication that served as a voice for the Cherokee Nation during a tumultuous period. The newspaper was initially published in both Cherokee and English, symbolizing a bridge between cultures and a tool for uniting the Cherokee people. Over the years, the Cherokee Phoenix has
experienced periods of dormancy and revival, continuing to serve as a vital communication tool for the Cherokee Nation.
The Founding of the Cherokee Phoenix
The Cherokee Phoenix was established in 1828 in New Echota, the capital of the Cherokee Nation, located in present-day Georgia. Elias Boudinot, a member of a prominent Cherokee family, was appointed as the first editor. The newspaper was created to gather support and keep the Cherokee Nation informed and united during a time when they faced pressure from the U.S. government to relocate west of the Mississippi River. The publication was printed in both English and Cherokee, using the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah in 1821. This bilingual approach was crucial in reaching a wide audience, including those who could only read Cherokee.
The Cherokee Phoenix quickly became the primary vehicle of communication among the Cherokee townships. It covered a variety of subjects, including articles that praised Sequoyah's invention of the syllabary and editorials that criticized white settlers' encroachment on Cherokee land. The newspaper also played a role in raising awareness about the issue of Indian removal, attracting subscribers from across the United States and Europe.
Challenges and Changes
Despite its initial success, the Cherokee Phoenix faced significant challenges. In 1829, Elias Boudinot renamed the newspaper to the Cherokee Phoenix and Indians' Advocate, reflecting his intention to address issues affecting all Native Americans, not just the Cherokee. However, Boudinot's views on removal were controversial. He believed that removal was inevitable and that the Cherokee should protect their rights through treaties. This stance was opposed by the majority of the Cherokee, including Principal Chief John Ross.
The internal conflict within the Cherokee Nation led to Boudinot's resignation in 1832. Elijah Hicks, an anti-removal Cherokee, replaced him as editor. The newspaper continued to face difficulties, and in 1834, it ceased publication when the federal government failed to pay the Cherokee annuity. The Georgia Guard later seized the printing press to prevent further publication.
Revival and Modern Era
The Cherokee Phoenix was revived in the 20th century and continues to be published today. It is now a monthly broadsheet published by the Cherokee Nation in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The newspaper has embraced modern technology, offering both print and internet versions to reach a broader audience. The Cherokee Phoenix remains a symbol of resilience and cultural preservation, continuing to inform and unite the Cherokee people.
The legacy of the Cherokee Phoenix is a testament to the power of the written word in preserving culture and advocating for justice. Its history reflects the struggles and triumphs of the Cherokee Nation, serving as a reminder of the importance of communication in maintaining cultural identity and unity.
