Tourism in China has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past century. From its early days as a nascent industry to becoming a major economic force, China's tourism sector reflects the country's
broader economic and social changes. This article explores the historical development of tourism in China, highlighting key milestones and shifts that have shaped its current status as a global tourism leader.
Early Beginnings and Political Influence
The roots of tourism in China can be traced back to the early 20th century. In 1923, the first Chinese-operated travel agency was established by banker Chen Guangfu. During this period, tourism began to emerge as part of a bourgeois lifestyle, although it remained a nascent industry. The political climate of the time, particularly during the nationalist era, influenced the development of tourism, with the government viewing it as a tool for diplomacy and foreign relations.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, tourism was not initially a significant economic sector. The political system and economic blocks imposed by Western countries limited its growth. However, the establishment of the China International Travel Service in 1954 marked a shift towards organized tourism, primarily for diplomatic purposes. Tours were often centered around political themes, such as production study tours, reflecting the government's focus on using tourism to promote a positive image of China abroad.
Reform and Opening Up: A New Era
The late 1970s marked a turning point for tourism in China. Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the country embarked on a path of economic reform and opening up to the world. Tourism was identified as a key sector for earning foreign currency and supporting economic development. This period saw a significant increase in international visitors, with the number of foreigners admitted through the China Travel and Tourism Enterprise Administration increasing twentyfold between 1971 and 1978.
The 1980s and 1990s witnessed further expansion, with improvements in transportation infrastructure and the opening of more cities to foreign visitors. By 1985, approximately 1.4 million foreigners visited China, generating nearly $1.3 billion in tourism revenue. The trend towards heritage tourism in the 1990s also contributed to the growth of the industry, as tourists flocked to small towns and historic sites across the country.
Modern Growth and Global Impact
In recent decades, China's tourism industry has continued to grow at an impressive rate. By 2015, China was the fourth most visited country in the world, attracting 56.9 million international tourists annually. The domestic tourism sector has also flourished, contributing significantly to the nation's GDP and employment. In 2018, domestic tourism alone contributed around $1.47 trillion to China's GDP.
China's rise as a global tourism leader is further evidenced by its status as the world's largest outbound tourist market. Since 2012, Chinese tourists have been the top spenders in international tourism, accounting for 21% of global tourism spending in 2016. With only a small percentage of the population holding passports, the potential for further growth remains substantial.
The evolution of tourism in China reflects the country's broader economic and social transformations. From its early days as a tool for diplomacy to its current status as a global tourism powerhouse, China's tourism industry continues to play a vital role in the nation's development and international influence.
