The Mediterranean diet, widely recognized for its health benefits, has a rich history that dates back to the mid-20th century. Initially proposed by Ancel Keys and Margaret Keys in 1975, this diet was inspired by the traditional eating habits of countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain. Over the years, it has evolved through scientific studies, becoming one of the most researched dietary patterns globally.
Historical Beginnings
The concept of the Mediterranean diet was first
introduced by Ancel Keys, an American biologist, and his wife, chemist Margaret Keys. Their observations in the late 1950s and early 1960s of the eating habits in Greece, Italy, and the Mediterranean coasts of France and Spain laid the foundation for this diet. These regions were noted for their low rates of chronic diseases and high life expectancy, despite limited medical services.
The Keys' work was pivotal in correlating diet with cardiovascular health, leading to the publication of the Seven Countries Study in 1970. This study highlighted the benefits of the Mediterranean diet, emphasizing its potential to reduce heart disease risk. The diet's popularity surged in the 1990s, as more people became aware of its health advantages.
Scientific Refinement
While the Mediterranean diet is based on traditional eating patterns, it has been refined through numerous scientific studies. These studies have helped define the diet's core components, which include a high intake of plant-based foods like cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Moderate consumption of fish and dairy, primarily cheese and yogurt, is encouraged, while red meat, refined grains, and sugar are limited.
Olive oil, a staple in Mediterranean cuisine, is the principal source of fat in the diet. It has been extensively studied for its health benefits, including reducing all-cause mortality and the risk of chronic diseases. The diet also includes moderate wine consumption, typically red, with meals.
Global Recognition and Impact
The Mediterranean diet's health benefits have been recognized globally, with organizations like the World Health Organization endorsing it as a healthy eating pattern. It is one of the three diets recommended in the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, alongside the DASH diet and vegetarian diet.
The diet's influence extends beyond nutrition, encompassing lifestyle habits and cultural values associated with Mediterranean countries. Communal meals, simple cooking methods, and regular physical activity are integral to the diet's philosophy. In 2010, UNESCO recognized Mediterranean cuisine and its associated traditions as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, further cementing its global impact.
