The two-cent piece, minted from 1864 to 1873, is a notable coin in U.S. history for its design and the introduction of the motto "In God We Trust." Designed by James B. Longacre, the coin's imagery and inscriptions reflect the values and challenges of its era. This article explores the design elements and symbolic significance of the two-cent piece, highlighting its role in American numismatic history.
The Design Elements of the Two-Cent Piece
The two-cent piece was designed by James B. Longacre,
who was the Chief Engraver of the United States Mint. The obverse of the coin features a shield, which is a Longacre version of the Great Seal of the United States. The shield symbolizes strength and self-protection through unity, with the upper part representing Congress and the vertical stripes symbolizing the original thirteen states. This design choice reflects the federal government's strength through the unity of the states.
The reverse of the coin contains the denomination "2 CENTS" within a wheat wreath, surrounded by the legend "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." The use of a wheat wreath is significant, as it symbolizes prosperity and abundance. The overall design of the two-cent piece is both ornate and meaningful, capturing the spirit of the nation during a time of conflict and change.
The Introduction of "In God We Trust"
One of the most significant aspects of the two-cent piece is its role in introducing the motto "In God We Trust" to U.S. coinage. The inclusion of this motto was influenced by the Reverend Mark R. Watkinson, who wrote to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase during the Civil War, suggesting that a reference to God be placed on the nation's coins. Chase agreed, and the motto was first inscribed on the two-cent piece.
The phrase "In God We Trust" was popularized by the two-cent piece, and in 1865, Congress passed legislation mandating its use on all coins large enough to accommodate it. This decision reflected the nation's desire to express its trust in divine providence during a time of national crisis. Since 1938, "In God We Trust" has been used on all American coins, becoming a defining feature of U.S. currency.
The Legacy of the Two-Cent Piece's Design
Art historian Cornelius Vermeule described the two-cent piece as "the most Gothic and the most expressive of the Civil War" among American coins. The coin's design, with its shield, arrows, and wreath, embodies the heraldic style of the era. Vermeule noted that the coin appears more calligraphic than sculptural, a reflection of Longacre's background as a plate engraver.
Although the two-cent piece was eventually discontinued in 1873, its design and the introduction of "In God We Trust" left a lasting impact on U.S. coinage. The coin remains a symbol of the nation's resilience and faith during a pivotal period in its history, and its design continues to be appreciated by numismatists and historians alike.
