Prejudice has been a part of human society for centuries, evolving in its expression and understanding over time. From early psychological research to contemporary theories, the concept of prejudice has undergone significant changes. This article explores the historical evolution of prejudice, highlighting key milestones and shifts in perspective.
Early Psychological Research
The first psychological research on prejudice began in the 1920s, with studies attempting to prove white
supremacy. A 1925 article reviewing 73 studies on race concluded that these studies seemed to indicate the mental superiority of the white race. This perspective led many psychologists to view prejudice as a natural response to races believed to be inferior.
In the 1930s and 1940s, the focus shifted due to increasing concern about anti-Semitism and the ideology of the Nazis. Prejudice was then viewed as pathological, with theorists looking for personality syndromes linked with racism. Theodor Adorno believed that prejudice stemmed from an authoritarian personality, describing authoritarians as rigid thinkers who obeyed authority and enforced strict adherence to social rules.
Mid-20th Century Perspectives
In 1954, Gordon Allport published "The Nature of Prejudice," linking prejudice to categorical thinking. Allport claimed that prejudice is a natural and normal process for humans, emphasizing the importance of the contact hypothesis. This theory posits that contact between different ethnic groups can reduce prejudices, with conditions promoting positive contact.
By the 1970s, research showed that prejudice tends to be based on favoritism towards one's own groups rather than negative feelings towards another group. Marilyn Brewer suggested that prejudice may develop not because outgroups are hated, but because positive emotions are reserved for the ingroup.
Contemporary Theories
Contemporary theories continue to explore the complexities of prejudice. The integrated threat theory, developed by Walter G Stephan, posits that outgroup prejudice and discrimination are caused when individuals perceive an outgroup to be threatening. This theory defines four threats: realistic threats, symbolic threats, intergroup anxiety, and negative stereotypes.
Social dominance theory views society as group-based hierarchies, where dominant groups create prejudiced "legitimizing myths" to justify their position over other groups. These myths work to maintain prejudiced hierarchies, highlighting the ongoing challenge of addressing prejudice in modern society.
The historical evolution of prejudice reflects changing perspectives and increased understanding of its complexities. From early research to contemporary theories, the study of prejudice continues to evolve, offering insights into its persistence and impact on society.
