What Are Naphthalene Balls and How Do They Work?
Naphthalene balls, often called mothballs, are small white pellets made of the chemical naphthalene. This substance is derived from crude oil or coal tar. Their strong, pungent odour comes from a process called sublimation, where the solid chemical slowly
turns into a toxic gas at room temperature. It is this gas that kills moths and their larvae, preventing them from damaging natural fibres like wool and silk. However, these fumes are also what pose a risk to human health when not used correctly. It is important to remember that these products are regulated pesticides, designed to be used with specific precautions.
The Hidden Health Risks of Exposure
The fumes from naphthalene balls can be harmful if inhaled in large amounts or over a prolonged period. Exposure can cause a range of symptoms, including headaches, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. In more serious cases, particularly after accidental ingestion, it can lead to a condition called haemolytic anaemia. This is where red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them, leading to fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), and kidney or liver damage. Newborn babies and infants are especially vulnerable, as their bodies are less able to process the chemical. Exposure has occurred from babies wearing clothes or sleeping in blankets that were stored with mothballs and not aired out.
A Special Warning for G6PD Deficiency
Some people have a genetic condition called Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, which makes them highly susceptible to the harmful effects of naphthalene. For these individuals, even small amounts of exposure can trigger severe haemolytic anaemia. This condition is often undiagnosed, so it's a hidden risk within families. Exposure to naphthalene can cause a rapid breakdown of red blood cells in people with G6PD deficiency, leading to severe health complications that require immediate medical attention. If you have a family history of this disorder, it is strongly advised to avoid naphthalene products altogether.
The Golden Rules of Safe Usage
If you choose to use naphthalene balls, it is absolutely essential to do so correctly to minimise health risks. The most important rule is to only use them in airtight, sealed containers. Never leave them out in the open air, in wardrobes, or scattered in drawers, as the toxic fumes can spread throughout your living space. Always keep them well out of reach of children and pets, as they can be mistaken for sweets and are highly toxic if ingested. After handling mothballs, wash your hands thoroughly. Before wearing any clothes that have been stored with them, be sure to air them out completely outdoors and wash them to remove any residual chemical fumes.
Safer, Natural Alternatives for Your Home
Fortunately, there are many effective and fragrant alternatives to keep pests away from your clothes without the health risks. Cedar blocks or chips are a popular choice; their natural aroma repels moths. You can also create your own sachets using dried herbs and spices. Aromatic options like lavender, rosemary, cloves, mint, and cinnamon sticks not only deter insects but also leave your clothes smelling pleasant. Simply place these items in small, breathable fabric bags and hang them in your cupboards or place them in drawers, refreshing them every few months as their scent fades.
