The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has notified the implementation of the three-language formula for Class 9, which makes the study of three separate languages compulsory starting July 1, 2026.
This update aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCFSE) 2023 to promote multilingualism and Indian culture.
What is the three-language formula?
The three-language formula in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recommends that students learn three languages, at least two of which must be native to India. This formula applies to both government and private schools, giving states the flexibility to choose languages without any imposition.
What is the R1, R2, R3 framework?
The system categorises language subjects into three distinct
levels:
- R1 (First Language): Usually the primary medium of instruction (e.g., English or Hindi).
- R2 (Second Language): A different language from R1.
- R3 (Third Language): A different language from both R1 and R2.
Out of the three selected languages, at least two must be native Indian languages.
What has changed for Class 9 students?
According to the official board notifications:
From 2 to 3 Languages: Students who previously only studied two languages (e.g., English and Hindi) must now select a compulsory third language.
Restricted Foreign Languages: Foreign languages (like French or German) can no longer bypass Indian languages. A foreign language can only be chosen if the student’s other two choices are native Indian languages. Alternatively, a foreign language can be taken as an optional fourth subject.
No Class 10 Board Exam for R3: To reduce academic pressure, the third language (R3) will not have a board examination at the Class 10 level.
School-Based Assessment: Testing for the R3 language will be handled entirely through internal, school-based assessments. The scores will be listed on the final CBSE certificate, but no student will be barred from board exams because of it.
Temporary Textbooks: Because the policy applies immediately to the 2026–27 academic year, Class 9 students will temporarily use the Class 6 R3 textbooks. Schools will supplement these with local literature and stories until dedicated Class 9 books are ready.
Example Combinations
A student’s schedule can satisfy the new policy using configurations like these:
Combination A: English (Foreign/Optional), Hindi (Native), Sanskrit (Native) — Valid.
Combination B: English (Foreign/Optional), Kannada (Native), French (Foreign) — Valid.
Combination C: English (Foreign/Optional), French (Foreign), German (Foreign) — Invalid (only one foreign language option allowed among the top three).
What is the history of three-language formula?
The formula was first proposed by the Education Commission (1964-66), officially known as the Kothari Commission. It was formally adopted in the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1968 under then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The policy was reaffirmed in NPE 1986 under PM Rajiv Gandhi and revised in 1992 by Narasimha Rao’s Congress government to promote linguistic diversity and national unity.
The formula included three languages — mother tongue or regional language, official language and a modern Indian or European language.
What does NEP 2020 say about the three-language formula?
The NEP proposes an “early implementation of the three-language formula to promote multilingualism” from the school level. The document states that the three-language formula will continue to be implemented “while keeping in mind the constitutional provisions, aspirations of the people, regions, and the Union, and the need to promote multilingualism as well as promote national unity”.
However, the NEP also states that there will be greater flexibility in the three-language formula, and no language will be imposed on any state.
The policy states that the three languages learned by children will be the choices of states, regions, and of course, the students themselves, so long as at least two of the three languages are native to India.
What about foreign languages?
According to NEP 2020, in addition to Indian languages and English, students at the secondary level can also learn Korean, Japanese, French, German and Spanish, among other foreign languages.
However, a key shift in the curriculum is the classification of English as a foreign language, with the Board allowing only one foreign language within the three-language framework. This could restrict students from choosing both English and another foreign language as their second and third languages.
What is the controversy about three-language formula?
The three-language formula has been at the centre of the political row between the former DMK-led Tamil Nadu government and the Centre.
The state has historically opposed the three-language formula. In 1937, the then Madras government, headed by C Rajagopalachari, introduced compulsory Hindi in schools. This move sparked widespread protests by the Justice Party and Dravidian leaders like Periyar. The policy was revoked in 1940, but anti-Hindi sentiments persisted.
When the three-language formula was introduced in 1968, Tamil Nadu opposed it, seeing it as an attempt to impose Hindi. Under Chief Minister C N Annadurai, the state adopted a two-language policy, teaching only Tamil and English.
Tamil Nadu remains the only state that has never implemented the three-language formula, choosing English over Indian languages, including Hindi and other regional languages.
With PTI, agency inputs
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