Hyperpigmentation Explained: Causes, Prevention And Treatments That Actually Work

Hyperpigmentation is one of the most common yet most misunderstood skin concerns seen in dermatology clinics today. Characterised by dark patches, spots, or uneven skin tone, it affects individuals across age groups and skin types, often impacting confidence as much as appearance. “The first step to effective skin treatment,” says Dr Sonali Kohli, Senior Consultant, Dermatology, Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital, “is understanding what your skin is trying to tell you rather than masking the problem.”

What Causes Hyperpigmentation?

Hyperpigmentation occurs when excess melanin is produced in certain areas of the skin, leading to darker patches. According to Dr Kohli, prolonged sun exposure remains the most common trigger. Other contributing

factors include acne or pimple scarring, hormonal changes particularly melasma during pregnancy inflammation, and the use of inappropriate or harsh cosmetic products.

“In Indian and darker skin types, pigmentation tends to be more persistent,” Dr Kohli explains. “This is because baseline melanin activity is naturally higher, making the skin more reactive to triggers such as sun exposure and inflammation.”

Contrary to popular belief, dark spots are not merely cosmetic concerns. “Pigmentation often signals underlying skin inflammation or damage,” she adds. “That’s why professional evaluation is essential.”

Common Types of Hyperpigmentation

Dermatologists typically diagnose three main forms:

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH): Occurs after acne, burns, or skin injury

Melasma: A hormonally driven condition that worsens with sun exposure

Sunspots: Caused by cumulative UV damage over time

“Each type requires a different treatment approach,” Dr Kohli emphasises. “Self-treatment without understanding the cause can worsen the condition.”

Why Prevention Matters More Than Correction

“From a dermatological perspective, prevention is far more effective than treatment,” says Dr Kohli. Daily use of broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher) even indoors is non-negotiable. Protective clothing, avoiding peak sun hours, and refraining from picking acne or scabs significantly reduce pigmentation risk.

Equally important is avoiding abrasive scrubs, steroid-based fairness creams, and unverified home remedies. “These often damage the skin barrier and can intensify pigmentation rather than improve it,” she warns.

Treatment Options That Actually Work

The treatment plan depends on both the depth and cause of pigmentation. Topical ingredients such as vitamin C, niacinamide, azelaic acid, retinoids, and dermatologist-prescribed depigmenting agents help regulate melanin production. In more resistant cases, in-clinic procedures like chemical peels, laser therapy, or microneedling may be recommended.

“Results take time,” Dr Kohli notes. “Most patients need at least 8 to 12 weeks of consistent treatment combined with strict sun protection to see visible improvement.”

Hyperpigmentation is treatable but misinformation and quick-fix solutions often do more harm than good. “A dermatologist-led approach that focuses on prevention, patience, and personalised care remains the gold standard,” says Dr Kohli.

Ultimately, skin health matters more than flawless skin and treating pigmentation correctly is a step towards both.