Buddhism Faces Decline Amid Secularization and Demographic Changes

What's Happening?

Buddhism, accounting for about 4.1% of the global population, has experienced a decline from 343 million to 324 million adherents between 2010 and 2020, according to the Pew Research Center. This decline is attributed to low fertility rates in Buddhist-majority countries and increasing secularization in East Asia. While Buddhism remains concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region, its growth in North America and Europe is driven by migration and small-scale conversions. In East Asia, Buddhism's institutional presence is weakening due to aging populations and broader secular trends.

Why It's Important?

The decline of Buddhism highlights significant cultural and demographic shifts in regions traditionally dominated by the religion. As secularization increases, the role of Buddhism in shaping cultural and social norms may diminish, potentially affecting political and social structures in these areas. The decline also reflects broader global trends of religious change, where traditional religions face challenges from modernity and secular ideologies. This could lead to changes in how Buddhism is practiced and perceived, both locally and globally.

Beyond the Headlines

The decline of Buddhism raises questions about the future of religious identity and cultural heritage in Asia. It challenges the romanticized view of Buddhism as solely a peaceful, meditative practice, revealing its complex role in politics and nationalism. In regions like Myanmar and Sri Lanka, Buddhism has been linked to ethno-nationalist movements, complicating its global image as a nonviolent religion. The Western perception of Buddhism as 'spiritual but not religious' further complicates its traditional practices, leading to debates over cultural appropriation and commodification.